In 1876, he took the Nubian people, along with animals from Egypt (now modern-day Sudan) and toured a вЂNubian exhibitвЂ™ around Paris, Berlin and London. He came up with the idea of exhibiting humans and animals in the same enclosure. Carl Hagenbeck and the TierparkД¬arl Hagenbeck was a German merchant of animals and humans, who supplied European zoos, as well as P.T. For the Somalis for example, this was the enforced wearing of вЂwhite tunic like clothвЂ™ and вЂsandalsвЂ™ (Le Chenil, 1890). Many of them froze to death in the cold, still wearing what was determined their вЂnative dress,вЂ™ or died from diseases that did not exist in their native countries. Part of the human zoo exhibit was to make the visitors feel like they were experiencing the zoo exhibits in their вЂnaturalвЂ™ dress and doing their вЂnaturalвЂ™ activities. The Somali people, as well as with other indigenous people, were held in these zoos and zoos like it across the world. In these zoos humans were held in enclosures, and were made to perform вЂtribalвЂ™ dances, race animals, and live in their enclosures to entertain the paying public. There were two men that popularised human zoos in Europe: Isidore G. Eugenics is the idea that your race determines your behaviour and mental intelligence. Academics today still make arguments for eugenics and ethnography. By deciding that indigenous people in the colonised lands were sub-human, it meant that white colonialists could in вЂgood conscienceвЂ™ rape, kill and pillage resources as they saw fit вЂ“ because they were not dealing with humans, they were dealing with вЂњsavagesвЂќ.

It has long been used to justify slavery, the genocide of indigenous peoples and colonialism. Ethnography is the study of different people and cultures, and was seen in the 19th and 20th centuries as a вЂfashionable scienceвЂ™ that studied and categorised вЂsavageвЂ™ races to subjugate them. Humans, specifically black and indigenous people, have been displayed over centuries and вЂstudiedвЂ™ in the name of ethnography. Held in an enclosure complete with вЂњmodel villageвЂќ.(вЂњ073,вЂќ n.d.) Ethnography Somalis at Great Bradford Exhibition, Yorkshire, UK, 1904. One child was born during their captivity, and one woman, Halimo Abdi Batel, died from tuberculosis. The Somalis had been toured through Europe and were forced to perform wrestling and spear-throwing. The Bradford World Fair of May 1904 had an exhibit of 100 Somalis which drew a paying crowd in their tens of thousands, and by the end of the exhibit in October 1904, 2.5 million people had visited. During these exhibits, humans were displayed nude or semi-nude ( Channel 4, Race: ScienceвЂ™s Last Taboo, 2009). Decades later in 1931, the вЂhuman zooвЂ™ exhibition in Paris attracted 34 million visitors in six months. In 18, the Parisian World Fair drew crowds of 28 million people to their constructed вЂњNegro villagesвЂќ. World fairs were places where European countries would show off their technological achievements and spoils taken from their empires вЂ“ including people. Warsaw, Milan, London, New York, Antwerp, Hamburg, Norway, Belgium and Paris are only a few of the places that had human zoo exhibits вЂ“ Channel 4вЂ™s programme вЂ Race: ScienceвЂ™s Last TabooвЂ™ noted that вЂhundreds of thousands of people visited these exhibitions.вЂ™ Although humans have been exhibited before вЂ“ for example the notorious exhibition of Saarjtie Baartman in South Africa, known as вЂthe Hottentot VenusвЂ™, human zoos were the first exhibitions of humans on a grand scale. Human zoos were exhibits of black and indigenous peoples caged and displayed in a вЂmakeshift natural habitat.вЂ™ They were popularised during the 1870s, and continued to be popular into the 20th century. While the colonisers were given names, biographies and obituaries, my ancestors, caught in these photographs, were unnamed and died without their stories.

That is all I had to piece together to form an understanding of my peopleвЂ™s past. Occasionally, something would be marked вЂSouth SomaliвЂ™, and that would be it, the only indication of what I was looking at. It was hard to know that the person behind the lens would have been someone from colonial administration systematically documenting my people.

In short, they were beautiful.Д«ut it was hard to look at them, knowing what happened to them. My ancestors had large beautiful вЂfros and wore long white robes. It wasnвЂ™t long until I came across postcards of my people in zoo enclosures titled вЂSomalis of the Grand ExhibitionвЂ™. The furthest back I could go was during SomaliвЂ™s colonisation by Italy, France and England. The other day I was searching for pictures of Somalia in the digitised French and British (Bristol) archives where historical items, like postcards, pictures and censuses, are stored. Asmaa examines the hidden history of human beings kept in cages

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